Australia’s workforce is as diverse as its beautiful landscapes, offering various employment models catering to different skill sets, qualifications, and preferences. Understanding the types of employment available in Australia is crucial, whether you’re a local resident, a student, or a newcomer.
Let’s cover eight employment models, including their qualification requirements, maximum workweek durations, and other distinct features. Additionally, we’ll tackle employment models available for foreign nationals who came to Australia for schooling and want to support themselves.
Full-Time Employment
Typically, full-time employment in Australia requires a completed secondary school education and, in many cases, relevant vocational or tertiary qualifications. A full-time employee works 38 hours per week on average per the Fair Work Ombudsman, but this can vary depending on the industry and award. They will enjoy job security, paid leave, and employment benefits like superannuation contributions.
Part-Time Employment
Part-time work often does not require specific qualifications, but they may be necessary for certain roles. Part-time employees’ workweeks are shorter than the 38 hours seen in full-time roles, allowing them greater flexibility and access to some benefits, such as paid leave on a pro-rata basis.
Casual Employment
Casual employment typically does not have strict qualification requirements. Such roles will contain irregular hours as needed for business demand, without a set maximum duration. They may work fewer or more hours than full-time or part-time employees, depending on demand. Casual staff receive a higher hourly wage to compensate for the lack of job security and paid leave. They can work varying schedules.
Fixed-Term/Contract Employment
A fixed-term or contract job may require qualifications relevant to the specific operations remit. Their workweek duration is determined by the terms of the contract and can vary widely. The contract will also specify an end date, and employees are often hired for specific projects or to cover a temporary staff shortage.
Apprenticeships/Traineeships
Apprenticeships and traineeships are designed for individuals looking to learn a specific trade or skill. Qualification requirements may vary depending on the trade. Apprentices and trainees work a max of 38 hours per week, including on-the-job training and off-the-job training. These roles combine on-the-job training with formal education, allowing individuals to earn while they learn, and possibly gain national industry certification after sitting a board exam in some cases.
Freelancing or Self-Employment
Freelancers and self-employed individuals often have specific skills or expertise in their chosen field. They are also capable of controlling their work hours and can vary their workweek duration. Freelancers work on a project-by-project basis for various clients, while the self-employed are sole traders with full control over their business, wages, and calculate their own taxes.
Gig Economy Employment
The gig economy has picked up in the past few years due to the proliferation of special apps or platforms. Qualification requirements vary depending on the specific gig or platform. Some gigs may not require qualifications, while others do. Gig economy workers have the flexibility to choose when and how much they work, and there is no set maximum workweek duration. The gig economy is characterised by short-term, freelance, or part-time jobs through online platforms, offering flexibility but often with limited employment benefits.
Volunteers and Unpaid Work
Volunteer and unpaid work may not require specific qualifications, but relevant skills and experience can be valuable. Volunteers and unpaid workers often have flexible schedules, and the duration of their workweek can vary based on their availability. Individuals engaged in volunteer or unpaid work are often seen as doing it for personal fulfilment, gaining experience, and contributing to various causes. They do not receive financial compensation.
Employment Models for International Students
Australia’s higher education system is often touted as one of the best in the world in terms of breadth of knowledge and potential career opportunities. Such a selling point entices many foreign nationals to take a chance and make better for themselves and family. International students studying in Australia have specific employment options based on their visa status.
Student Visa Holders (Subclass 500)
- Work Limitations. Student visa holders are generally allowed to work up to 40 hours per fortnight (two weeks) during their academic term and full-time during scheduled course breaks.
- Qualification Requirements. No specific qualifications are required for most jobs.
- Distinct Features. The work limit is designed to balance work and study commitments, and it allows students to gain practical experience while studying.
Temporary Graduate Visa (Subclass 485)
- Work Limitations. Temporary Graduate visa holders can work without limitations in Australia.
- Qualification Requirements. Qualifications earned in Australia are typically required.
- Distinct Features. This visa allows international students who have completed their studies to work and gain experience in Australia, potentially leading to permanent residency.
Working Holiday Visa (Subclass 417 and 462)
- Work Limitations. Working holiday visa holders can work in Australia for up to 12 months. Extensions are possible with specific criteria.
- Qualification Requirements. No specific qualifications are required for most jobs.
- Distinct Features. Working holiday visa holders are allowed to work and travel in Australia, providing a unique cultural experience.
National Employment Standards (NES)
The National Employment Standards (NES) defines the preset labour standards Australian companies must adhere to. They cover areas such as maximum weekly work hours, annual leave, public holidays, and termination notice periods. These standards provide a foundation for employee rights and protections in various employment models.
Role of the Fair Work Ombudsman
The Fair Work Ombudsman is an independent government agency responsible for ensuring compliance with workplace laws and standards in Australia. They provide information, advice, and support to both employees and employers, address workplace disputes, and enforce compliance with the Fair Work Act. The Fair Work Commission arbitrates associated labour cases.
ATO Obligations for Each Employment Type
The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has specific tax obligations for each employment type. For example, employers must withhold income tax for employees and make superannuation contributions for eligible workers. Independent contractors and self-employed individuals have different tax obligations, including reporting their own income and managing their business-related expenses.
Conclusion
Understanding the various employment models available in Australia is crucial for making informed career and financial decisions. The type of employment you choose should align with your qualifications, career goals, and personal preferences. For international students, it’s important to be aware of the work limitations and opportunities associated with your visa status. Australia’s diverse labour market provides ample opportunities for individuals to build their careers and achieve their goals.
DISCLAIMER: This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to be considered official career advice. QUICKLE has no relationships with any career counselling service, immigration agency, or Australian government office.
